Acne

What Causes Acne?

Typically, acne appears on areas of the skin with a high concentration of sebaceous glands, including the face, chest, upper back, and shoulders. Four central factors influence the development of acne:

• Excess sebum production
• Follicular hyperkeratinization
• Cutibacterium acnes colonization
• Inflammation

While individuals of all ages can be affected, acne is most prevalent among teenagers and adolescents, primarily due to hormonal fluctuations during puberty. Although less common, adults can experience acne, particularly women undergoing hormonal changes during their menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or menopause. Certain medical conditions and medications can also precipitate acne as a side effect.

Symptoms

Acne can vary in appearance and severity, depending on their underlying causes. Different types of acne breakouts include:

• Whiteheads (closed comedones): Closed clogged pores appear as small, round, white bumps on the skin.
• Blackheads (open comedones): Open clogged pores visible as dark, small spots on the skin.
• Papules: Small, raised, red bumps tender or sore to the touch.
• Pustules: Raised, red skin bumps with a white or yellow pus-filled center.
• Nodules: Large, firm, painful lumps located deep within the skin.
• Cysts: Severe, extensive, painful bumps, either red or white, filled with pus and situated deep in the skin.

Prevention 

While it may not be possible to avoid acne breakouts entirely, the following strategies can reduce their severity or frequency:

• Cleaning the skin regularly with an oil-free cleanser to eliminate excess oil and debris from pores.
• Avoiding products or substances known to irritate the skin or clog pores.
• Maintaining hydration and adhering to a balanced diet and avoiding foods that trigger inflammation.

Treatment

Acne treatment is determined by its severity and underlying causes. Common treatment paths include:

• Mild Acne: Home remedies such as tea tree oil, aloe vera, and over-the-counter creams and cleansers.
• Moderate Acne: Prescription antibiotics or prescription-strength formulations of benzoyl peroxide or retinoids.

Severe Acne: A range of options, including prescription antibiotics, topical antibiotics, vitamin-A medications, hormonal birth control, or potent prescription retinoid medications.